Colloid nodular goitre associated with hemiagenesis of the thyroid gland.

Hemiagenesis of the thyroid gland is a rare congenital abnormality usually left unnoticed without associated thyroid disorders. The most common congenital anomaly of the thyroid gland is a thyroglossal cyst, followed by ectopic thyroid tissue and thyroid dysgenesis, which may be agenesis or hemiagenesis. Preoperative underevaluation of the thyroid hemiagenesis (THA) associated with other thyroid disorders may cause intraoperative difficulty in identifying the gland and difficulty in preservation or even identification of major neurovascular structures during neck exploration. We report a patient who presented to us with right-sided neck swelling. On further evaluation and neck exploration, the patient was diagnosed with THA of the left lobe with right colloid goitre.

Duodeno-duodenal intussusception presenting as upper gastrointestinal bleed.

Duodeno-duodenal intussusception (DDI) is the type of intestinal intussusception in which a segment of the duodenum invaginates into the next part of the duodenum. We present a case of a male patient in his 50s presenting with right upper abdominal pain with multiple episodes of vomiting and a history of melena for 1 month. Imaging studies showed the presence of DDI without apparent growth. The patient underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, which showed a doubtful growth in the duodenum, and the biopsy, was suggestive of adenocarcinoma. The patient underwent Whipple's procedure, and postoperative histology was diagnostic of Brunner's gland adenoma. The patient improved well without any complications.

Pancreatitis with infected pseudocyst presenting as a prevertebral abscess with spontaneous rupture into the oesophagus.

The development of a prevertebral abscess due to an infected pancreatic pseudocyst and its spontaneous rupture into the oesophagus is a rare complication. We report a man who presented with odynophagia, dyspnoea and abdominal pain. Contrast-enhanced CT showed evidence of pancreatitis and a prevertebral space abscess communicating with the pancreas through the oesophageal hiatus. The patient was diagnosed to have a prevertebral abscess with chronic pancreatitis. Surgical drainage was planned, but the patient died of spontaneous drainage of the prevertebral abscess into the oesophagus and aspiration of the collection into the lungs.

Isolated pancreatic tuberculosis masquerading pancreatic malignancy.

Pancreatic tuberculosis is the rarest form of abdominal and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. We present a patient in his 40s who presented with pain abdomen and a fever. On examination, the patient had mild jaundice and right hypochondriac tenderness. Blood investigation was suggestive of obstructive jaundice. Imaging studies were representative of pancreatic head lesion, causing mild intrahepatic biliary radical dilatation. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration done from the pancreatic head lesion was diagnostic of tuberculosis. The patient was started on antitubercular medications and responded well.

Tension pneumoperitoneum following colonic perforation due to barotrauma.

Barotrauma of the colorectum is an uncommon entity that usually occurs after colonoscopy. Perforation of the colon by non-iatrogenic barotrauma of the colon, with tension pneumoperitoneum, is very rare. We present a case of a male patient in his 20s with colon barotrauma caused by industrial compressed air, causing perforation of the transverse colon, with multiple serosal tears throughout the colon. There was also evidence of contusion in the caecum and ascending colon. Primary repair of the perforation and repair of the serosal tears were done along with a covering loop ileostomy.

Regurgitation and prolapse of oesophageal mucosa: a dramatic presentation of the oesophagitis dissecans superficialis.

Oesophagitis dissecans superficialis is a rare benign entity that is usually self-limited, characterised by sloughing of the oesophageal mucosa. We preset a 38-year-old woman, known case of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita who presented to us with regurgitation and prolapse of the oesophageal mucosa from the mouth. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed sloughing of the mucosa. The patient was managed conservatively and discharged.

Hepatic haemangioma causing isolated right-sided pleural effusion and bilateral pedal oedema.

Hepatic haemangioma (HH) is a common benign tumour of the liver and is usually asymptomatic. HH causing isolated right-sided pleural effusion and bilateral pedal oedema due to inferior vena cava (IVC) compression have never been reported in the literature. We report a 35-year-old male patient who presented with breathlessness and mass per abdomen. On examination, the patient was found to have right-sided pleural effusion, bilateral pedal oedema, hepatomegaly. Contrast-enhanced CT showed compression of the IVC by the HH. The patient was managed with right-sided intercostal drain insertion for pleural effusion and hepatic artery embolisation. The patient improved gradually with reduced pleural effusion and resolving pedal oedema.

Chronic gastric volvulus secondary to eventration of the left hemidiaphragm due to radiation-induced phrenic nerve palsy: a rare presentation.

Partial mesentericoaxial gastric volvulus associated with acquired eventration of the left dome of the diaphragm is very rare. We present the case of a 65-year-old man who presented with features of gastric outlet obstruction. He had a prior history of laryngeal cancer for which total laryngectomy was done, and adjuvant radiotherapy was administered. He was subsequently diagnosed with eventration of the left dome of the diaphragm and partial gastric volvulus. The patient recovered completely with conservative management and was discharged.

Bilateral iliopsoas abscess presenting with abdominal wall cellulitis and left-sided empyema thoracis: a rare presentation.

Iliopsoas abscess is common in immunocompromised patients and rarely presents with empyema thoracis. We present a 26-year-old male with no comorbidities who presented with a 3-day history of abdominal pain, fever and dyspnoea. There was no history of tuberculosis or recent contact with a tuberculous patient. On examination, the patient had facial dysmorphism and abdominal wall cellulitis extending bilaterally from flank to the inguinoscrotal region. Chest X-ray showed a left pleural effusion. Ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced CT also showed bilateral iliopsoas abscess with a left massive pleural empyema. The patient underwent bilateral abscess open drainage, thoracostomy for left empyema thoracis and intravenous antibiotic therapy. The patient had an uneventful course postoperatively and was discharged.

Lymphoedema praecox in a young woman: a rare disease.

Primary lymphoedema is a rare disorder. Often presents at a young age with asymptomatic limb oedema with gradual progression. We present a 16-year-old woman who presented with a history of swelling of the left lower limb for 6 years. There was the presence of isolated left lower limb oedema, which was a non-pitting type. The patient underwent imaging studies and was diagnosed to have primary lymphoedema. The patient was managed conservatively as the patient did not have any other problems other than the left lower limb oedema.

Rare case of traumatic bilateral testicular dislocation.

Bilateral traumatic testicular dislocation is an uncommon condition and usually occurs after a direct impact on the scrotum. Herein, we report this as a rare case of a 21-year-old man presenting with bilateral traumatic dislocation of testes into the inguinal canal following a motorcycle accident. Imaging studies ruled out any other associated injuries. The patient underwent bilateral orchidopexy without any further complications.

Feeding gastrostomy stoma site cutaneous myiasis: a rare entity.

Infestation of any dead or necrotic tissues by the larvae of flies (maggots) is myiasis. This form of habitation is not restricted to any particular tissues in the body and can occur anywhere. However, myiasis at the surgical stoma site is very rare. We present a 55-year-old woman diagnosed with metastatic carcinoma of the oesophagus who underwent feeding gastrostomy (FG). The patient later presented with worms at the FG site. We removed the FG tube, cleared all the maggots, thoroughly cleaned the wound and placed a new FG tube. Although its occurrences have been reported enough in medical history, there are only two documented cases of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy stoma site myiasis. Hence, we present the first case in the literature of cutaneous myiasis around an FG stoma site.

Cystic artery pseudoaneurysm due to carcinoma of the gallbladder.

A 52-year-old man, with known case of hypertension and stroke, presented to us with an upper gastrointestinal bleed and abdominal pain. Ultrasonography of the abdomen showed haematoma within the gallbladder (GB), and Doppler ultrasound was suggestive of an aneurysm arising from the cystic artery (CA). CT of the abdomen showed a well-enhancing thick-walled GB suggestive of malignancy. It also showed the presence of a double CA along with an aneurysm of one of the cystic arteries, haematoma within the GB and haemoperitoneum. Digital subtraction angiography confirmed the presence of double CA and CA pseudoaneurysm. The CA was selective catheterised and embolised with N-butyl cyanoacrylate glue. The patient underwent extended radical cholecystectomy later and was reported to have adenocarcinoma of the GB.

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome in a young patient with the involvement of gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts: an unusual and rare presentation.

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare congenital disorder characterised by capillary and venous malformations and soft-tissue hypertrophy with or without lymphatic malformation. The involvement of the gastrointestinal tract and genitourinary tract is uncommon in KTS. We present a case of a young adult who presented to us with bleeding per rectum and varicosities of the left lower limb. The patient was evaluated and diagnosed to have KTS. The patient was managed conservatively. To best of our knowledge, this is the first case report in literature where KTS was associated with atypical varicose veins of the left lower limb with mild hypertrophy of the lower limb, localised hypertrophy of the right gluteal region with involvement of pelvis, rectum, bladder and seminal vesicle.

Pseudoaneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery secondary to diverticulitis of the first part of duodenum: a rare presentation of upper gastrointestinal bleed.

Acute upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding is one of the most frequent presentations to a surgical emergency. Most of them respond to initial resuscitation, and a definite diagnosis is established as soon as possible, thereby helping the clinician in management. We present the diagnostic challenges that we faced with a 70-year-old man who presented with UGI bleed. He initially responded to resuscitation, but later deteriorated and became haemodynamically unstable. The source of the UGI bleed on evaluation was found to be pseudoaneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery (PsGDA) and treated successfully by coil embolisation. The cause of the PsGDA was diverticulum arising from the first part of duodenum with changes of diverticulitis. Diverticulum originating from the first part of the duodenum is seldom reported. Moreover, diverticulitis involving this part and causing PsGDA has not been reported so far.

Acute massive gastric dilatation as a result of closed-loop obstruction of stomach: an unusual and rare phenomenon.

Acute massive gastric dilatation (AMGD) is a rare event which is usually underdiagnosed. It can occur due to multiple etiologies, including medical and surgical, or as a postoperative complication. We report a rare case of AMGD as a result of closed-loop obstruction of the stomach following feeding jejunostomy in a patient with carcinoma oesophagus. A high index of suspicion, early diagnosis and prompt management is the key to the successful treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second case report of a closed-loop obstruction of the stomach leading to AMGD in published literature.

Small cell carcinoma of the pancreas: a rare neuroendocrine tumour.

Primary small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the pancreas is a rare disease with poor prognosis. Very few cases have been reported in the literature. It is a type of poorly differentiated variety of neuroendocrine tumours of the pancreas with specific immunohistochemical markers. Imaging is not diagnostic for disease, and diagnosis is mainly by biopsy. We report a rare case of SCC of the pancreas who presented with features of obstructive jaundice without any paraneoplastic features. The patient is planned for palliative chemotherapy because of metastasis and is under regular follow-up.

Pre-surgical road map for thyroid cancer and large goiters: Practical benefits of detailed radiological evaluation by surgeon.

INTRODUCTION: Pre-surgical radiological evaluation of neck is often mandatory for surgical planning in high risk thyroid cancer and large goiters. Frequently, surgeons are overdependent on radiologist's report. In this context, we analysed the practical benefits of surgeon's independent radiological evaluation in our institutional experience. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective study was conducted in Endocrine Surgery department of a teaching hospital in South India. Cases operated between January 2011 and June 2012 (18 months) were included. Films of cross-sectional imaging were read in detail by primary and assistant surgeons in correlation with stepwise operative planning and documented. Cases with additional radiological signs on surgeon's evaluation, which were missing in radiologist's report are discussed in detail. RESULTS: F: M ratio is 67:24. Mean age was 45.3 ± 9.8 years (37 - 76). Forty-seven cases of thyroid cancer and 44 cases of large goiters were analysed. Surgeon read additional signs such as obliterated fat plane between goiter and subcutaneous plane; level I lymph nodes; bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy, internal jugular vein thrombus, and pharyngeal invasion helped in pre-operatively planned modification of operative steps for optimal R0 resection and total thyroidectomy. A mean of 1.42 ± 0.83 (1 - 6), additional signs were detected on surgeon's radiological evaluation compared to radiologist's report in 41.7% of cases. These findings modified the pre-operative plan, facilitating better surgical outcome in 28.6% of cases. CONCLUSION: In high-risk thyroid cancer and large goiters, detailed radiological evaluation by surgeon facilitates optimal surgical resection and superior outcome compared to radiologist report-guided surgery.